Rebuttal Essay Example For Students

Reply Essay In a review that was given in 2001 around 1 in each 10 individuals in the United States lived in Poverty. Additionally, in a review given in 2001, the American residents were addressed what the reason for living in neediness was. The Results were as followed: About a large portion of the Americans said the poor are definitely not doing what's needed to get themselves out of neediness, and the other half said that conditions outside their ability to control made them be poor. Low-pay Americans which is, the individuals who were making not as much as double the government neediness level, or about $34,000 every year for a group of four were as it were marginally almost certain than different Americans to feel it is expected to conditions. In any case, when gotten some information about explicit reasons for neediness, low-pay Americans were essentially more probable than different Americans to name tranquilize misuse, doctor's visit expenses, too barely any employments or too many being low maintenance or low-wage employments, too many single-parent families, and an excessive number of workers. When inquired what is the No. 1 reason for neediness, low-pay Americans were significantly more prone to name tranquilize misuse, and the most unfortunate Americans , the individuals who were living underneath the government neediness level , were almost twice as likely as center and upper-pay Americans to rank medication misuse very high. The non-poor were bound to state that the No. 1 reason for destitution is poor- quality state funded schools, in any case, the two gatherings are similarly liable to name schools as a significant reason. Albeit, a significant number of these families are living in neediness, The Government has made a tremendous measure of government assistance programs which are directed towards a significant number of the issues low pay families are confronted with for instance: < WIC is a program which helps single and low pay families purchase the necessities for a little youngster, for example, diapers, milk and a combination of different supplies that is expected to bring up a little youngster. < Medical is for the individuals who can't bear to get clinical protection for themselves or their families, < Head Start is there for those families who can't send their youngsters to pre-school however might want to begin their kids off on the correct foot. The Government has additionally settled many assessment credits which help groups of all wages, for example, < The Child Tax Credit was made to give every family that applies for the expense form up to $1000 per dependant kid younger than 17. < Earned Tax Credit-is a unique tax break for low to direct salary laborers. It decreases their taxation rate, supplements wages, and makes work more appealing than open advantages. The credit can mean up to $2,604 for laborers bringing one kid up in their home, or up to $4,300 for laborers bringing up more than one youngster. In spite of the fact that youngsters must meet residency prerequisites, a youngster doesn't need to be guaranteed as a ward to qualify a specialist for the Earned Income Credit. Indeed laborers without youngsters can meet all requirements for up to $390. < Child and ward care credits - is a tax cut that makes a difference families pay for childcare that they have to work or search for work. It additionally assists laborers with paying for the consideration of a mate or grown-up subordinate who is unequipped for self-care. These projects are only a couple of the numerous that are out there for those who are out of luck. The projects that I have quite recently referenced have helped and are as yet helping huge numbers of the United States families that are living in destitution. Without these projects the neediness level would be a lot of more terrible than it as of now is. Along these lines, sense there are such a significant number of projects that have just been built up it doesn't bode well what so ever for the administration to helpless more cash than what is now being given to these projects in light of the fact that these projects are on the whole prepared adequate in such a case that they weren't they wouldn't help the same number of individuals as they seem to be. .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 , .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 .postImageUrl , .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 , .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924:hover , .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924:visited , .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924:active { border:0!important; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924:active , .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce 67b32e97a5b64c924 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ucbc2a68ece10cce67b32e97a5b64c924:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Belonging Speech Essay < Poverty rates from 1999 to 2000 improved by 11.3% < In 2000 a few minority bunches set record low neediness rates, while others tied their record lows. < The neediness rates succumbed to those families without any laborers due to relatives landing positions. < In 2 years somewhere in the range of 1999 and 2000 California alone improved their neediness rate by 2.5% Presently as I said before our neediness programs are adequate in light of the fact that .

Italian Renaissance Essays (800 words) - Renaissance Art

Italian Renaissance As the fourteenth century guided out the Middle Ages in Italy, another time of social blossoming started, known as the Renaissance. This period in history was celebrated for its restoration of old style subjects and the converging of these topics with the Catholic Church. These subjects of humanism, naturalism, independence, elegance, and learning and reason showed up in each part of the Italian Renaissance, most especially in its specialty. Humanism can be characterized as the thought that people are the essential proportion of all things (Fleming, 29). Renaissance craftsmanship demonstrated a reestablished enthusiasm for man who was portrayed in Renaissance workmanship as the focal point of the world. Pico della Mirandola said that, there is nothing to be seen more magnificent than man. (Fleming, 284) This could nearly be taken as a saying for Renaissance workmanship. Michelangelo's David obviously bolsters Mirandola's announcement. Since Renaissance workmanship concentrated on speaking to substantial, human figures, as opposed to portraying scenes from the Bible so as to acclaim God, the specialists needed to think in increasingly common, logical terms. Specialists got comfortable with science and the idea of room, just as life systems. Lorenzo Ghiberti contemplated the anatomical extents of the body, Filippo Brunelleschi was keen on science in design, Leone Battista Alberti, who was gifted in painting, figure and design, focused on the investigation of arithmetic as the basic guideline of expressions of the human experience (Fleming, 285). Leonardo additionally took a gander at the geometric extents of the human body (Calder, 197). In painting, yet particularly in form, specialists were roused to communicate the basic types of the body underneath its outside appearance. Their anatomical investigations opened the path to the displaying and the developments of the human body. In painting, naturalism implied a progressively sensible portrayal of ordinary objects. In Fra Angelico's Annunciation, he shows an accurate propagation of Tuscan natural science (Wallace, 237). Likewise, the idea of room was significant. In painting, figures were put in an increasingly typical relationship to the space they involved. Human figures would in general become increasingly close to home and person. Three away from of that are Donatello's David, and Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Last Dinner, in which the twelve distinct articulations of the witnesses were appeared. Each sculpture, each representation was a distinctive individual who made a significant impression. Mary and the holy messenger Gabriel turned out to be human in Fra Angelico's Madonna (Wallace, 45). In any event, when put in a gathering, each individual figure stood apart independently, as in Boticelli's Adoration of the Magi. One type of workmanship speaking to the individual was the representation. Well off families and people dispatched specialists to make sculptures and artistic creations. High respect for person character is shown in the number and nature of pictures painted at this time (Flemming, 286). Italian Renaissance humanism were persuaded by a rediscovery of the estimations of Greco-Roman human advancement. A case of building restoration is Bramante's Tempietto, a little sanctuary assembled where St. Diminish is said to have been killed. Bramante later got an opportunity to expand on a a lot more prominent scope: St. Dwindle's Basilica. Unmistakably utilizing old style civic establishments as his model Bramante said of St. Peter's, I will put the Pantheon on top of the Basilica of Constantine. (Flemming, 309-310) Other modelers returned to the focal sort chapels displayed on the Pantheon, instead of the rectangular basilica that had developed throughout the hundreds of years. They restored old style requests and outlines. Decorative themes were inferred legitimately structure antiquated sacophagi, reliefs, and cut diamonds. Stone carvers returned to the conceivable outcomes of the naked. Painters, be that as it may, didn't have the traditional references that artists had, so they utilized fanciful subjects. With all of the contemplating and learning of craftsmanship in the Renaissance, it would be of close to nothing wonder that the subject of a portion of the workmanship was learning itself. The most celebrated case of this is Raphael's School of Athens. Raphael, alongside Michelangelo, was set in the painting among the positions of craftsman researchers. As individuals from a philosophical hover expectation on accommodating the perspectives on Plato and Aristotle, Raphael and his companions contemplated that Plato and Aristotle were stating the equivalent thing in various words. The two logicians were put on either side of the focal. On Plato's side, there was a sculpture of Apollo, the lord of verse. On Aristotle's side there was one of Athena, goddess of reason. Spreading outward on either side were bunches comparing to the different ways of thinking inside the two significant divisions (Barrett, 87). Regardless of what subject of the Italian Renaissance is named, there is in every case some case of a relating workmanship sign of it. For humanism it was David, for naturalism it was Annunciation, for independence, it

Discretion And The Criminal Justice Professionals Research Paper

Caution And The Criminal Justice Professionals - Research Paper Example In this way, scientists contend that the endeavors with respect to security powers â€Å"unforeseen effects† on the protection of residents. Under such circumstances, if the cops don't regard the estimation of protection of residents, their activity will establish the intersection of moral limits. From the proof assessed throughout this exploration, it has happened that law requirement officials are gave the force attentiveness which offers them huge authority over the residents of the US. Many cops abuse this force for individual increases, for example, taking hush-money, preferring people by not detailing their violations, dispensing hurt on ethnic minorities, sticking into the private existences of residents and so on. Then again, there is a requirement for the cops to have such powers in light of their job in ensuring the wellbeing of residents and battling the threat of fear based oppression. Fear based oppressor exercises over the world and particularly in nations like t he US and India are on the expansion and, in this manner, cops should be enriched with the power to check vehicles, search home and private premises, capture suspect or even shoot psychological militants to forestall the acceleration of rough fear monger exercises. Nonetheless, cops ought to be proficient in their activities while managing just as sets of principles and guarantee that they don't cross moral cutoff points by disregarding citizens’ opportunity. In this way, while handling the issue of fear mongering and different violations, cops need to hold fast to moral standards.

Five court cases and how they have impacted the educational setting Case Study

Five legal disputes and how they have affected the instructive setting - Case Study Example It is a statement that calls for equivalent treatment to people by the law, and underscores on individuals being dealt with decently, with no biasness dependent on their race, sexual orientation, monetary foundation, riches status among different qualities (Stader, 2007). The equivalent security and separation laws were created numerous years back. They were passed and placed in the constitution in 1868, when Earl Warren was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. This period denoted the finish of an incredible Civil War, which implied that numerous slaves had at long last gained their opportunity. These laws were put to provide food for the reasonable treatment surprisingly, regardless of whether whites or blacks. There had been a lot of victimization the dark Americans and this was a piece of what required this condition. It likewise stretched out to express the significance of the white individuals being treated by the law similarly to different Americans (Stader, 2007). The prima ry aim of this provision was to advance reasonableness and fairness, be it in business, training, obtaining of administrations, and utilization of the standard of law among others. The instruction division has incredibly applied the standards of equivalent insurance and non-separation. ... The equivalent security and separation laws are significant in any school since they guarantee that understudies are not endless supply of their sexual orientation, incapacity race or monetary status. It guarantees that understudies can get to all projects in the school, regardless of whether one is female or male, dark or white. They are additionally significant in guaranteeing that an understudy can partake in any action of their decision. Be that as it may, exclusion can be made when one is segregated upon for their own advantage (Fenner, 1999). For example, a gathering of understudies who don't perform well in class might be set in an alternate study hall however in a similar school to help screen them intently, and give more consideration to them. Equivalent insurance and segregation laws secure against victimization the impaired individuals. Any understudy along these lines has an option to go to any school of their decision, regardless of whether they are dark or white. There are numerous situations where one gathering has sued another on ground of inconsistent security separation. For example, the instance of Kansas City versus the US Supreme Court is a genuine model (Stader, 2007). For this situation, Kansas City, which had a populace of more than 15000 school going populace, spent tremendous adds up to keep up independent schools to suit the negroes and the Americans. In any case, the court decided this was an elevated level of separation and it was illegal. This specific case demonstrated the degree to which segregation and inconsistent treatment has spread, where the two societies couldn't coordinate. The decision in this specific case is significant in showing how significant the law is in managing inconsistent security and

On time plz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On time plz - Essay Example Bosses and supervisors are under the extent of duties of HR experts to the extent that managing the achievement of their particular assignments considering the general achievement of authoritative objectives. An occupation is a gathering of positions having comparable or related obligations and duties. The assignments and obligations of each gathering are unmistakably not the same as those of different gatherings. (Martires 446) Before recruiting laborers, accessible employments must be characterized and comparing work data depicted chiefly as far as obligations and duties. The idea of culture in association is basic since it impacts the way of thinking and practices of the executives which works through individuals. It is imperative that directors comprehend the people’s values, convictions, needs and inspiration. Overseeing corporate culture is an ability which each top official ought to learn since culture change is a perplexing and long procedure including facilitated endeavors by top administration which is truly obvious to their subordinates. Administrators must change their conduct and through job demonstrating impart signs to their constituents. On the off chance that the way of life isn't what the association individuals need, it tends to be pivoted to fit the crucial vision, technique, structure, assets and innovation of the association. The all around run organizations have created societies that are unmistakable and answerable for creation, execution and support of their reality administration positions. In such manner, all periods of activities, technique and staffing, and hierarchical culture must be considered by HR for the proficient and viable achievement of authoritative objectives. Section 4: You are the HR staffing expert at an extremely fruitful multi year old organization that makes home amusement items: HDTVs, home-theater gear, and so on. The supervisor of the promoting division has quite recently left

Does Minimalism Make You Complacent

Does Minimalism Make You Complacent I was explaining minimalism to a group of people at a dinner when a guy sporting a post-workday suit-and-tie combo peered at me skeptically when I told them I have no goals. Intrigue overtook his face. My life must’ve seemed so unrealistic to him since he was enmeshed in his corporate life. But that’s not his faultâ€"two years ago it seemed unrealistic to me too: in 2009 my goal-oriented life, obsessed with achievement and to-do lists, was no different from his. Then, his face still wrestling with doubt, he asked, “If you don’t have any goals, then aren’t you just being complacent?” “Yes,” I answered, “if by complacent  you mean content.” Minimalism has helped me become happier, has helped me get rid of life’s excess and be happy with what I have, has helped me live a more meaningful life: I can now focus on what’s important, and I don’t have to “achieve” to be happy. Sounds nice, doesnt it? Thats because it is. You can make the journey too: just decide it’s right for you and take action. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Nature of Groups - 550 Words

Nature of Groups (Coursework Sample) Content: Name of Student Course Name of Professor Date Nature of Groups I am a member of the OasisMega group, a group that consists of 10 members, formed by us as classmates two years ago. The main purpose of OasisMega is to ensure the social development of every member in the group. We realized that we have come of age, and some of us were experiencing problems in relationships, and matters of love and spouses. We decided to form this group as an avenue for developing one another in terms of spouses, love and relationship. In the group's constitution, we outlined that this group will be dissolved once every person in the group gets a spouse and marries. We meet once every week to assess the progress of each member in love relationships and marriage issues. The group is thus meant to accomplish this activity, which we have approximated to last in a period of five years. This is in line with Galenes and Adams (10) explanation of a secondary group. I would classify our group as a personal development group. The main purpose of our group, from the beginning, was a personal, social development of all the members. According to Galenes and Adams (11), a personal growth group is a therapy and support group, meant to help the members with personal insights and act as an avenue for discussing the problems of the members. They further explain that the needs of the members are met in the group by the group members (11). These reasons warrant in classifying our group as a personal growth group since it is dedicated to the personal, social development of the members. The OasisMega group is very much in line with the elements of the system, as described by Galenes and Adams (61). The group is registered with a larger body, a religious organization that supplies us with mentors. Our group is thus as a subsystem within the larger system. In the group, we have smaller, subcommittees, like the finance committees, led by the treasurer. In terms of inputs, we have 10 members; we contribute funds monthly, and we have some tangible resources for the group. We borrow our beliefs that guide behavior in the group from our culture and religion. In terms of throughput variables, we have a structure in the system, and we make decisions and take actions on issues. We also cooperate in our activities and solve conflicts together. In terms of outputs (Galenes and Adams 65), we have realized significant development in the group, with regard to social development. The group cohesiveness has also strengthened, and the members have been very instrumental in solving on e another's problems. Although ...

Reebok Marketing Plan - 11312 Words

Reebok Realflex | By The Breezers: Mannan Wu Abbey Barnes Chase Carraro Mohammed Baamer Deborah Dani Dylan By The Breezers: Mannan Wu Abbey Barnes Chase Carraro Mohammed Baamer Deborah Dani Dylan Final Marketing Plan | Professor Quinlan-Wilder November 16, 2011 Marketing 2800 Professor Quinlan-Wilder November 16, 2011 Marketing 2800 | | Executive Summary Reebok prides itself on creating products to enhance athletic ability. Upon formation of the company, Reebok has been dedicated to making athletes faster. Since then, Reebok has evolved into the world’s second largest maker of athletic apparel and is a leader in the shoe industry. Now Reebok will pave the way with its answer to the latest craze in†¦show more content†¦Two important components in this industry are the quality and marketing of the products. Reebok is a company with a long history in the footwear market and a marketing mix makeover for RealFlex could very well put the company back on top. By increasing the focus on the health benefits for older generations and aesthetically pleasing innovation for younger generations, Reebok will be able to cover wider demographics, thus increasing sales. This is a product which needs to be on the feet of consumers, because once that happens; the footwear will speak for itself. The remainder of this marketing plan is organized as follows: First, it will examine the company of Reebok and its background in the athletic shoe industry. Then, this plan will discuss Reebok’s major competitors and fully describe its SWOTShow MoreRelated Nikes Plan for China Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesNikes Plan for China Nike is already a global power house, however the potential to increase sales in China was the topic of the most recent annual investor meeting. One may question Nike’s preoccupation with China. After all, Nike China is dominant. 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Insolvency law systems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3772 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Critically analyse how insolvency law systems endeavour to balance, if at all, the interests of the various parties who are affected by insolvencies. Evaluate whether they are successful. To suggest that an insolvency law system endeavours to balance the interests of the various parties who are affected by insolvencies is to suggest that a jurisdiction, in constructing legislation regarding bankruptcy and insolvency procedure, has direct concern to ensure that all parties are treated fairly and equally in such proceedings. In this essay I shall argue that whilst, prima facie, it may well appear to be the case that modern insolvency law systems are attempting, with increasing ferocity, to balance the interests between creditors and debtors, the reason for attempting to balance these interests lies not with consideration of equity or fairness, but with economic considerations alone. In this way I will argue that an attempt to evaluate whether or not such a balanc e has been struck ‘successfully’ is a misplaced task; the successful balance is not one which results in the interests of the affected parties being balanced, this is merely an incidental phenomenon, rather one which results in the greatest resulting positive economy for any given jurisdiction. I shall therefore argue that insolvency law systems, rather than responding to the interests of the various parties to an insolvency, attempt to mould and shape the behaviour of these respective parties in a way which will prevent insolvencies from occurring in the first place. Therefore, in a very round-about way, insolvency law systems are endeavouring to truly balance the interests of the various parties who might be affected by potential insolvencies, albeit indirectly, for by preventing insolvencies from occurring, the full interests of all parties will be fully protected. Due to the complexity of my argument, and the limited scope available to me, I shall concentrate my discussion around an analysis of the UK’s insolvency law system. In the first part of this essay I shall discuss the economic implications of not affording the correct degree of focus to the varying potential parties of an insolvency proceeding. Whilst this discussion will be brief and general, the aim of this section is to justify my underlying-assumption that any consideration of how an insolvency law system should ‘protect’ the various stakeholders is, rather than an attempt to balance the interests [a concept which implies a degree of equity and fairness], based upon economic considerations alone [i.e. to prevent the far reaching economic consequences which would ensue were insufficient focus to be afforded to each of the parties involved]. I shall then embark on a critical analysis of the UK’s insolvency law system, and provide evidence which will support the conclusions as outlined in the introductory paragraph of this essay. Why is the distributi on of assets at insolvency a matter of public concern? The answer to this question is relatively straightforward: In order for a modern capitalist economy to prosper and develop, new business ventures and entrepreneurialism must be encouraged. The government however has insufficient funds to be able to provide loans and grants for all such business, and as such, must rely on private credit providers, such as banks and building societies, to provide such funding. Such private creditors will however levy a charge for their loan services, the level of which is primarily determined through an assessment of the relative risk of providing such credit. The greater the level of risk, the greater the charge and the less affordable it will be for businessmen to engage such loans, resulting in less business ventures being pursued. The private creditors will assess the risk of the venture in question failing, and becoming insolvent, and will also assess how much of their credit could be reco vered in such an eventuality. It is therefore necessary to have in place a public insolvency law system which will provide a procedure by which creditors can be assured they will have recourse to recover their monies in the eventuality of insolvency. Of course, in most cases of insolvency there are insufficient assets available to meet all the debts owed to the creditors, and as such, the creditors cannot be assured that they will retrieve all the monies owed; however, what can be assured is a certain procedure which will endeavour to maximise creditors’ ability to retrieve; such a procedure from which a reliable risk assessment can be made will not only encourage creditors to extend credit to prospective business ventures, but will ensure that the costs of such loans on these prospective businessmen are minimised. To reiterate, if an insolvency regime does not pay sufficient attention to the task of returning the debtor’s assets to the creditor, the availability of credit within that entire jurisdiction and the cost of such credit may be adversely affected; i.e. with the knowledge that upon insolvency, he would lose a greater proportion of his money, a creditor would naturally be less willing to extend credit to a debtor. An increase in the cost of the credit would be the natural response to such a creditor’s increased financial risk. This in turn would mean that fewer business ventures are able to secure their necessary finances, resulting in less jobs, and less entrepreneurialism, two factors whose promotion are deemed to be highly important to the success and prosperity of a capitalist jurisdiction. The same effect would result from an insolvency regime which was not clear in the way in which it prioritises creditor’s rights within insolvency proceedings, for if a creditor is unsure of what his position would be in the eventuality of his debtor becoming insolvent, then he must perceive a higher risk, and respond by increasing the price of his credit. On the other hand, an insolvency regime must not impose too harsh a burden upon the debtors, as it is important that a bankrupt debtor is able to retain certain assets such as the tools of his trade, so that he/she may continue to earn a sufficient income, not only to live, but also to be in a position to pay back some of his outstanding debts. A system which allows for such latitude will reassure creditors that their debts, whilst not immediately recoverable, are at least recoverable over a prolonged period of time. A system which allows such latitude also gives failing businesses a chance to get back on their feet and perhaps eventually emerge from the dark depths of debt, and actually flourish. The degrees of focus afforded to the creditors and debtors of a potential insolvency must therefore be set through these considerations of policy rather than common law considerations of fairness and equity. As such it is necessary for a jurisdiction to have an insolvency law system which is designed by the legislature rather than the judiciary [who have no remit in such political considerations], and as such is fully codified. Case Study: The UK’s insolvency law system. The Insolvency Act 1883 formed the basis of the bankruptcy system in the UK for over 100 hundred years, â€Å"and was designed to ensure that an independent and impartial examination took place into the causes of each bankruptcy, as well as into the conduct of each bankrupt.† [Johnson, 2002]. There was a clear policy message engrained within this legislation; bankruptcy is matter of public concern, affecting the whole community, and a debtor who has become insolvent/bankrupt is not someone who can be trusted by society or given a second chance to succeed in business. In 1977, the Government instructed Sir Kenneth Cork to chair a Committee to review this Act. Their findings suggested that reform was needed to move the UK’s insolvency law sy stem away from the harsh treatment of debtors towards what they saw as a more practical ‘rescue’ approach, where debtors would be encouraged to continue business wherever possible in order to earn extra income to pay off their existing debts and pull themselves out of their dire financial straits. [Cork Committee, 1982] Not all of the reforms suggested by the Cork Committee were adopted by the Insolvency Act 1986, but evident within this act was recognition that time had come to shift the balance away slightly from a creditor’s-only protection towards a protection of the debtor’s interest, and an attempt to rescue wherever possible the companies in question. The reason for this shift of balance has nothing to do with the interest of the individual debtor, and fairness thereto, but rather towards the wider implications of not affording such protection, as discussed earlier in this essay, that it is better for the economy to allow a debtor to continue to trade so that he may not only pay off his creditors in full over time, but so that the business may be saved. The introduction of general automatic discharge for bankrupts after three years, as contained within the 1986 Act, showed that the UK’s Insolvency law regime would no longer exude such distrust in insolvent debtors, and would be prepared to allow such unfortunates another chance to contribute to the UK’s thriving economy. Also, the introduction of Administration procedures suggested a move away from the receivership processes of old towards a process by which a company who is unable to pay its debts might be saved, either in whole or in part, through a voluntary arrangement or scheme of arrangement through which a more beneficial realisation of assets might be achieved than would be the case through the process of liquidation [D. Webb, 1991]. I argue that this demonstrates the UK’s commitment to the goal of preserving businesses from fatality at al l costs. Research conducted by Bulow and Shoven (1978), Jackson (1982, 1986) and Webb (1991) suggests that the receivership process actually created incentives for certain creditors to prematurely and inefficiently liquidate companies; this would be fatal to the UK’s objective, as it would encourage creditors in certain situations to fight for immediate recovery. Likewise, the introduction of voluntary arrangements reflected a move away from the ‘debt collection’ agenda towards the rescue approach; a process by which a company could be saved through arrangement reached by the company with its shareholders and creditors, supervised by an insolvency practitioner and approved by meetings convened under the authority of the court. Whilst a noteworthy attempt to rescue business, there was no procedure in place to provide a stay on creditors actions, and as such, before any arrangement could be reached, individual creditors could launch recovery actions which could, especially for smaller businesses, prevent the company from continuing to trade, thus preventing the success of any voluntary arrangement to rescue the company in the future. The recession of the 1990’s demonstrated this weakness of the voluntary arrangement scheme in the 1986 Act. A solution to this problem was offered by the Insolvency Act 2000; the Act provides the management of a small company a moratorium; 28 days in which creditors will be prevented from instigating enforcement action so that they can make their voluntary arrangement proposal to the creditors. Of less practical significance, but a good demonstration of the UK’s commitment towards a rescue approach was the notion of ‘intensive care’, under which a company is nursed back to health with a minimum of publicity. Of course this would only be possible with companies who have a small number of creditors who are all willing to co-operate. The Enterprise Act, which received Royal Ass ent on the 7th November 2002, replaced administrative receivership with administration as the government’s favoured way of dealing with ailing companies [Fletcher, 2004]. This relatively recent development can be seen as a further consolidation of the UK’s commitment to preventing the fatality of business through insolvency. This Act introduced a number of reforms to further help ‘rescue’ ailing companies. The timescales provided for by the Act are themselves important: After being appointed, an administrator has exactly 8 weeks in which to make his proposals to the debtor’s company creditors. Application to the courts for the commencement of the administration process must be accompanied by a letter from the administrator stating that he consents to being appointed and that he believes that the purpose of administration in the particular case at hand is reasonably likely to be achieved through this process [para18]. An administrator is unlike ly to consent to his appointment, or agree that the process is likely to succeed, without first being provided with and then considering all the relevant information relating to the ailing company in question. In practical terms, this means that bank creditors must try to always have such information on hand, so when trouble hits, they will be ready to approach an administrator. These timescales provided for by the Act can only be interpreted as a way of compelling banks to instigate more stringent monitoring procedures with regards to their investments. Whilst it is true that banks have always monitored their debtors closely, [J. Armour and S. Frisby, 2001], the particular timescales provided by the Enterprise Act 2002 give these monitoring procedures an official urgency. In contrast with the old process of receivership, the Enterprise Act stipulates that administrators should act in a way which promotes the interests of all a company’s creditors as a whole. The Act sets out provisions of enforcement and procedures to ensure that the interests of all the creditors are considered [para 49-58, 74 and 75]. This further increases the urgency of the bank’s monitoring procedures, for the banks are afraid that administrators will be too bogged down in these procedures to be able to protect their interests, and as such work harder to maximise their potential control of the new administrative process by collecting more, better and earlier information. This is categorical evidence that the insolvency process has shifted away from its 1883 role as ‘debt collector’ towards its 21st Century role as ‘insolvency risk manager’. Other changes in corporate procedure stand to reinforce these concerns to monitor companies ahead of trouble, and of particular note are the reporting requirements contained in the Operating and Financial Review (OFR). The OFR regulations 2005 stipulate that the OFR [which are a mandatory annual requiremen t for the 1290 quoted British companies] must contain analysis of the development and performance of the business of the company throughout the financial year, including an evaluation of the position of the company at the end of the year. It must also contain a report of the main trends and factors underlying the development, performance and position of the business of the company during the financial year, and the main trends and factors which are likely to affect the company’s future development, performance and position. This focus on looking forward towards possible future risks and uncertainties is of particular relevance here, and whilst, through choice, many companies may not expend huge energies into ensuring that these mandatory reports are completed with the greatest level of accuracy and consideration, it may well become the case that banks will use their lending powers to insist that companies who borrow from them complete their OFRs in ways which not merely ident ify key business risks, but that will isolate risks which potentially may threaten the viability of the business. In this way the banks will both gain new stocks of information which would aid their application for administration, should a situation arise which would warrant such action, and will also be able to learn more about insolvency risk management in general. This may prove to be a significant step towards a preventative philosophy of insolvency law. Also reinforcing this pre-insolvency scrutiny of corporate management is the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004, s9 of which demands that company directors state in their annual director’s report that ‘there is no relevant audit information that they know of and know that the auditors do not know of’, and actually holds the directors criminally liable if they make such a false statement, wither knowingly or recklessly. This further shifts the focus towards pre-insolvency as sessment, and may potentially help to avoid reaching the point where the risks become reality. Also of note are the recent changes which can be observed in the ways in which banks have altered their approaches in dealing with loans made to companies which are potentially high-risk. In the past, negative and positive covenants would have been employed to ensure that the borrower provides the banks with a variety of information throughout the year relating to the status and future status of the companies in question, but now increasingly banks are becoming involved themselves with the processes, and one they perceive that a company to whom they have lent money is in a high risk position, the bank will instigate ‘intensive care’ strategy, putting the company in touch with their ‘Business Support Teams’. All this attention to risk strategy management has spurned a noticeable increase in the number of trained professionals in this field, which in turn helps b anks and companies to avoid risks which might previously, under the lower levels of scrutiny, have lead to un-rescue able insolvency. One of the legal issues involved here is that with these new levels of pre-insolvency scrutiny, and also with these banking initiative designed to help companies avoid insolvencies or recover therefrom, might the banks be seen to be ‘shadow directors’ under s 215 of the Insolvency Act 1986 and fall within the scope of liability under s214 of that Act? For example, where a bank runs an ‘intensive care’ program over an ailing company, the bank may give ‘directions or instructions’ to the client company, and as such, prima facie, might appear to satisfy the criteria set out is s215 of the Act. In the case of Re PFTZM Ltd Jourdain v Paul Judge Baker QC stated that in light of the banks good intentions it was unlikely that it would be treated as a shadow director, even where it exercised a considerable degree of control over the management of the company. Milman (1987) comments that this is a questionable proposition as it confuses objective conduct with subjective motivation. The case of Re Tasbian Ltd (No 3) held that a company doctor or management consultant may in certain circumstances be deemed as a shadow director, and it is not necessarily straightforward to see why the bank in their role as management consultant might not also be held to be liable in the same way. No case has yet come to court in which a bank was held so liable, and it seems that it is unlikely that such a case will succeed, unless the bank are deemed to have made directions or instructions which the directors ‘follow in a consistent pattern’ [as held in the Becker case would need to be the case], as distinct from giving professional advise or merely imposing conditions for making or continuing a loan [Re A Company, [1988]] An important point here is that even if the bank is held to act as sha dow director, it will only be liable for wrongful trading under the Insolvency Act s214(2)(b) if it continues to act as a shadow director after it knew or ought to have concluded that there was no reasonable prospect that the company would avoid going into insolvent liquidation [Re Continental Assurance, [2001] ]. What bank would continue an intensive care program after it believed the liquidation of the company was inevitable? And so we see that rather than attempting to balance the interests of the parties affected by insolvency, the roles of these parties has changed. In light to the move towards a risk assessment and preventative insolvency law system, the directors of companies will be subjected to a greater degree of scrutiny at an earlier stage in the demise of the company. Secured creditors, i.e. the banks, will have an increased role and vested interest in ensuring that the companies to whom they have lent money stay afloat. The role of unsecured creditors [a group which I have not discussed in any great detail within the scope of this essay] has not changed very much, although it must be noted that para 3(2) 49, 51-57 of the Enterprise Act 2002 stipulates that the Insolvency Practitioner must heed their interests when deciding strategy, and their enthusiasm to use their voice and speak up might by encouraged by the ring fencing provisions of the Enterprise Act 2002, which may yield improvements in their potential returns (V. Finch, 2005). In conclusion, I would argue that insolvency law systems are not concerned with balancing the rights of the individual parties affected by insolvencies, but are rather concerned with protecting economic ideals of increased entrepreneurialism and employment. The example of the UK Insolvency law system demonstrates that rather than an attempt to balance the interests of the parties involved, attempts have been made to ensure that fatal insolvencies are reduced to a minimum. This has been brought about through a careful and deliberate remoulding of the roles of the various parties, and through a recasting of the underlying philosophies of insolvency law from a system designed to organise and distribute debt, to a system designed to promote pre-insolvency risk assessment and management. As a result, less fatal insolvencies will occur, and therefore one could argue that in this way, the rights of all the parties to insolvencies have been successfully balanced, for if a company is rescued from bankruptcy rather than simply realised in order to pay off its creditors, then all parties are effectively achieving what they desire; the debtor is allowed to continue his business, and the creditors will as a result be able to reclaim their loan repayments. References: Armour J. and S. Frisby, 2001. ‘Rethinking Receivership’, 20 OJLS 23 Bulow, J and Shoven J (1978). ‘The Bankruptcy Decision’, Bell Journal of Economics, 9, 437-56 Finch, V. 2005. ‘The Recasting of Insolvency Law’. The Modern Law Review, 68, 5, pp 730 Fletcher (2004) ‘UK Corporate Rescue: Recent Developments- Changes to Administrative Receivership, Administration and Company Voluntary Arrangements- The Insolvency Act 200, The White Paper 2001 and The Enterprise Act 2002’ 5 EBOR 119 Jackson, T. H. (1982) ‘Bankruptcy, Non-bankruptcy Entitlements, and the Creditor’s Bargain’. Yale Law Journal, 91, 857-907 Johnson, 2002 https://www.dti.gov.uk/ministers/speeches/MJohnson131102.html [accessed 2nd January 2006, 3:15pm] Milman, D. and Rushworth J. (1987) Receivers and Receiverships. Bristol: Jordans Webb, D. (1991) ‘An Economic Evaluation of Insolvency Procedures in the UK. Does the 1986 Insolvency Act Satisfy the Creditor’s Bargain?’ Oxford Economic Papers 43, 139-157 Cases Cited: Re A Company No 005009 of 1987, ex p Copp [1988] 4 BCC 424 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Becker (2003) 1 BCLC 555 Re Continental Assurance plc. [2001] All ER 229 Re PFTZM Ltd Jourdain v Paul [1995] BCC 280 Tasbian Ltd (No 3) [1991] BCC 435 Statutes Cited: The Insolvency Act 1883 The Insolvency Act 1986 The Insolvency Act 2000 The Enterprise Act 2002 Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004 Operating and Financial Review Regulations 2005 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Insolvency law systems" essay for you Create order

Foot Binding is Viewed Differently in Different Cultures

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Social awareness Essay Sights that will help with grammer and any type of errors : https://www.paperrater.com/ Topic: Autism Introduction Attention getter: Autism affects every 1 in 68 children; It is one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the u.s (Facts about Autism. Autism Speaks. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. Minor details about the issue Autism FAQ - History. Autism FAQ - History. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . history Thesis: BodyX3 Topic sentence: The definition/ characteristic Autism Characteristics. List of Autism Characteristics. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . Featured Conferences. Welcome to Temple Grandin s Official Autism Website. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . Spectrem/†¦show more content†¦Each autistic child was somewhere on the autistic spectrum; each child with autism has different characteristics, but extremely similar symptoms; and each child, if diagnosed early, has a chance at a semi-normal life. if they go through the proper treatments at a young age. This will be exposing the characteristics, the spectrum and the treatments of autism. Autism is known as a mental disability due to difficulty in communicating and forming other relationships with other people, this is one of the major characteristics of autism. Autism original meaning ment ‘to escape from reality’ (Autism FAQ). Many people believed that autistic children were, infact, attempting to escape reality. It was also first discovered officially by Leo Kanner, who published his first paper Identifying children with autism in 1943 (Autism FAQ). Autistic children at that time were believed to be emotionally disturbed or ‘retarded.’ What they did not understand however, is that there was a widened range of different types of autism and different characteristics. Here is an example of when Amy and Dan McGillivray were asked about their child s characteristics and how it affected them. †Our daughter did not like to play with other children, she prefered to be in her room, She was unable to speak until she was the age of 4, an d she did not play with toys as a normal child would. Instead she would line them up by their

Sibling Incest Free Essays

string(157) " of incest and sexual abuse; which in turn models how the woman involved in that abuse will react or respond to the abuse and the treatment that may follow\." J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 DOI 10. 1007/s10896-009-9251-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sibling Incest: A Model for Group Practice with Adult Female Victims of Brother–Sister Incest Kacie M. Thompson Published online: 5 June 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Working with groups of people who have been sexually abused introduces mutual experiential themes into the process that can be beneficial and meaningful. We will write a custom essay sample on Sibling Incest or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper discusses brother–sister incestuous sexual abuse with implications for group work. Literature and research is reviewed concerning sexual abuse, incest, family relationships, and theories that aid in explaining incest. Themes covered include: effects of incest, coping methods, blaming, and family of the victim. Common themes are explored and implications for group work are suggested on the basis of length, detail, structure, content, and pre-group contact. Keywords Sibling incest . Group practice . Group therapy Sibling incest is widely believed by researchers and clinicians to the most common type of incest (Carlson et al. 006). Historically, the issue of father–daughter incest has been most often referred to when speaking of incest as a form of sexual abuse; and the concept of sibling incest has been ignored. Despite the high occurrence of sibling incest and its negative effects, attention to this issue by the family, researchers, and professionals has been lacking (Bass et al. 2006). In fact, violence between siblings is much more prevalent than child abus e by parents (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). The purpose of this discussion is to highlight the experience of victims of sibling incest by shedding light on their feelings, thoughts, and mental and emotional issues that are a result of incestuous abuse. Based on the understanding of the sibling relationship and aspects of sibling incest, a model for group therapy is introduced K. M. Thompson (*) University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA e-mail: kacieboleyn@yahoo. com for adult female victims of brother–sister incest. Aspects, such as sibling elationships, effects of brother sister incest, the family, blaming, coping, and theoretical frameworks, are discussed to inform group work with victims. The Sibling Relationship Incest Siblings share a unique relationship bound by genetics, social class, history, and family connections. The sibling relationship often outlasts many other relationships (Bass et al. 2006). The sibling relationship is unique in longevity and can be one of the most influential relationships in oneâ€℠¢s life. Because of this, the impact siblings have on one another should not be underestimated (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). This unique relationship that siblings share is sometimes the reason why incidences of sibling incest are regarded as â€Å"sexual curiosity†. This view of sexual curiosity is often accepted by family members and the details of that curiosity are not fully understood (McVeigh 2003). Sibling incest is defined as sexual behavior between siblings that is not age appropriate, not transitory, and not motivated by developmentally appropriate curiosity. Sexual abuse between siblings is not limited to intercourse. It has been shown that unwanted sexual advances, sexual leers, and forcing a sibling to view pornographic material can have as much of a psychological impact on the victim as actual intercourse (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). There are many forms of sexual abuse, but the negative effect incest poses on the victim and the family cannot be ignored. The sibling relationship and the causes of sibling incest have been addressed in several ways. Some authors such as McVeigh (2003), note the importance of the power dynamic between the brother and sister, as that dynamic is caused by age difference and gender expectations. Haskins (2003) 532 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 states that incest with a younger sibling by an older sibling is motivated largely by urges to satisfy underlying emotional needs for nurture and comfort rather than a need for sexual gratification. The offender’s behavior has sometimes become an outlet to express his unconscious needs. To fully understand the victim and offender’s relationship, family contexts should be examined. Perhaps the victim feels and behaves in similar ways due to the dysfunction in the family environment and the possible need for comfort and acceptance, which will be discussed in relation to family details. Common Experiences: The Effects of Sibling Incest Reactions to incestuous sexual abuse vary from person to person, depending on the severity, duration, and family reaction to the abuse. Victims of sexual abuse experience long-term difficulties including psychological, sexual, and relationship problems (Brand and Alexander 2003). Victims of incest have many feelings, emotions, and issues to deal with in order to cope with the abuse they experienced. Victims of sibling incest exhibit a wide variety of psychological problems. Sexual sibling abuse creates fear, anger, shame, humiliation, and guilt (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). Along with those feelings, victims can also have severe depression and feelings of helplessness (Martens 2007). Sometimes these feelings can lead to suicidal thoughts, and sexual promiscuity; two aspects that are very common in sexually abused women (Rudd and Herzberger 1999). In order to understand the many effects of abuse and the long-term consequences, aspects, such as blaming, coping, and forgiveness, will be addressed under the framework of issues to be addressed during group work with victims of sibling incest. Family of the Victim Family systems theory has been utilized by clinicians to aid in the understanding of sibling abuse. Family systems theory supports the understanding of the sibling relationship within the familial realm by viewing the sibling relationship as just one piece in the family puzzle. The family environment is an interactive, interdependent network in which the behavior of each individual or subsystem modifies the behavior of other individuals or subsystems. This environment is quite intimate, and if the network begins to break down, it often fosters violence. Through this, the family systems outlook shows that sibling abuse and incest cannot be considered an isolated problem but should be seen as a manifestation of family dysfunction (Haskins 2003). The importance of the family should always be examined in cases of sibling incest. Bass et al. (2006) note that each member of the family will hold a unique perspective and position on the issue of incest and sexual abuse; which in turn models how the woman involved in that abuse will react or respond to the abuse and the treatment that may follow. You read "Sibling Incest" in category "Essay examples" Sibling incest occurs in families with some common characteristics (Phillips-Green 2002). Abusive and incestuous families have high levels of personal, social, and economic stress; substance abuse; and exaggeration of patriarchal norms; and parenting skills are consumed with high levels of frustration, with punitive or harsh childrearing styles (Haskins 2003). Systems theory aids in the understanding that what one person does effects another, which effects another. The family dynamics that housed the sibling abuse can have negative effects on the victim in how she views herself and how she will parent her children based on how she was raised. Whatever the case, sibling incest is painful and damaging, whether the families are relationally connected or distant (Bass et al. 2006). Not only does the family play an important role in examining the bigger picture of the victim’s life, but it also provides insight into the individual and her treatment process. With brother–sister incest, the victim and the perpetrator are both in the family unit, and that unit can be strongly effected by disclosure of abuse. Disclosure can create emotional distress which may lead to the breakdown of the family, disclosure can also cause blaming to occur. It has been shown that blaming is often a large factor in the disclosure process. The parents and teachers often blame the victim for the abuse instead of providing support (McVeigh 2003). The victim has already endured the abuse, the shroud of secrecy, and in the moment she thinks she will begin to overcome this abuse she is often ridiculed and blamed for causing the abuse that was inflicted upon her. Cyr et al. (2002) hypothesize through their research that when blaming from the parents occurs, the mother is placed in a loyalty bind, having to choose between her daughter and her son. Depending on the type of relationship the mother has with each child, the blaming could be greatly influenced. The issue of blaming can be reciprocal, as the victim may then blame herself and her mother. Blaming Just as the victim is often blamed for the abuse she endured, blaming can occur by the use of self-blame or by motherblaming. Blaming the self for events that happened are not only damaging but are often associated with feelings of guilt relative to the abuse (Morrow and Sorell 1989). Women that have experienced brother–sister incest may also feel unsafe, and when she believes that she is the one J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 533 to be held responsible for the wrongdoing, she will turn any feelings of rage and hostility away from the perpetrator or her family and place them on herself (Schlesinger 2006). Self-blame and mother-blaming are common ways to deal with feelings of guilt and anger. Mother blaming is supported by the notion that the mother is in some way responsible for the acts of the victim’s brother. Victims of incest often internalize anger, directing hatred and aggression against themselves. When these feelings become too intense, the victim copes with this by focusing her anger on her mother, which allows the victim to externalize her feelings (Jacobs 1990). Looking at family dynamics as well as the specific relationship the victim has with her mother can be useful in understanding coping methods through blaming. processing for the resolution of the trauma, as well as increase the likelihood for poor day to day adult functioning (Brand and Alexander 2003). With a deeper understanding of coping methods, there may be an enhanced opportunity for educating the individual who exhibits those behaviors, as well as other group members. Group Therapy The use of group therapy can be very effective with a variety of populations, especially those that have experienced incest. Group therapy can provide a unique opportunity for self and interpersonal learning because it allows for members to address effects of interpersonal victimization by identifying with other members who have had similar experiences (Wanlass et al. 2006). Although little is known regarding best practice measures to treat victims of sibling incest, options for treatment have been discussed based on the fact that each victim of sexual abuse will be different in the treatment process (Martens 2007). There are several characteristics of sexual abuse that can affect not only the victim, but the treatment process as well. Aspects such as duration of the abuse and the use of force should be examined. As mentioned earlier, the family dynamic should be looked at as well though the lens of how the victim’s disclosure of abuse was received. The victim will be coping with not only the abuse, but the impacts disclosure may have had on the family and the victim as well. Rudd and Herzberger (1999) note four common characteristics among victims coming to receive treatment: enforced secrecy, interpersonal power differentials, influences on sexual development, and individual aftereffects. These researchers state that abused women often felt that by tolerating the abuse and keeping it a secret was a way to hold the family together. This aspect of secrecy in the incestuous relationship is also connected to power dynamics within the relationship. These characteristics as well as sexual development and individual aftereffects can be examined including other issues discussed earlier. Focusing on building strength and resilience in group therapy has been noted by Wanlass et al. (2006) and Anderson (2006). Both authors contend that working through the abuse during the group process can be seen as â€Å"surviving† the abuse, which is an example of resiliency. The group therapy process can be structured and focused to maximize skills associated with resiliency, leading to improved treatment outcomes (Wanlass et al. 2006). Anderson (2006) discusses a change in perspective of how the victim views herself; from the victim to the survivor; which can aid in the process of forgiveness. The topic of forgiveness may be valuable to group members, depending on where each member is in her process of Coping When considering group therapy with women who have experienced sibling sexual abuse, coping mechanisms should be examined to understand what issues and problems the individuals may have due to their coping skills. The way each individual copes with the abuse can be connected to any diagnosis that they may have been given as a result of the abuse. For example, many victims of trauma, especially sexual related trauma display characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (Banyard and Williams 1996). In these situations, group members may need to be taught coping strategies to manage traumarelated anxiety (Foa et al. 1999). Paying close attention to the possibility of or presence of a disorder will be very helpful in group work. Coping has been examined in many ways to aid in the process of understanding how individuals respond to trauma and stress. Brand and Alexander (2003) state there are two types of coping strategies: emotionfocused coping, and problem-focused active coping. Becoming more aware of both of these style of coping will greatly influence effectiveness of group work. Emotion focused coping is rooted in the individual trying to regulate their emotions in dealing with the abuse, and problem-focused active coping is when individuals engage in behaviors in an attempt to manage the problem situation. An example of problem-focused coping is when an individual tries to manage her stress from the abuse through an eating disorder behavior. While the group facilitator learns more about the group members, behavior such as these may arise in discussion. Other coping methods that have been identified include the coping strategy of avoidance. Previous studies have stated that avoidance may be an initial way to cope with the stress of sexual abuse, but in the long term sense the avoidance strategy may increase future symptoms and cognitive 534 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 understanding the abuse she experienced. Working on forgiveness with group members may aid in the reduction of feelings that cause depression, fear, and anxiety by channeling those feelings and discussing options for positive coping though forgiveness and resiliency. Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Practice Research and information discussed thus far has roots in theory. These theories could lead to a deeper understanding and an enhanced framework for the discussion of incest as well as aid professionals in group work. Attachment theory, symbolic interaction theory, family systems theory, and feminist theory outline the theoretical framework that guides practice with female victims of incest. As mentioned earlier, much of the discussion of incest has its foundation in family systems theory and the significance of relationships family members have ith one another. Alexander and Anderson (1994) note that the family context associated with the abuse often explains more of the long-term effects than the abuse itself. Attachment theory lends itself to this notion by stating that the parent–child relationship is just as important to the child as eating and sleeping. Based on the child’s â€Å"internal working model† of relationships modeled by the parent–child relationship, that model governs how interpersonal relationships are viewed and experienced (Alexander and Anderson 1994). The goal of incorporating an attachment perspective is one of helping the client increase flexibility of though and views in interpersonal relationships beyond the parent– child relationship. This could be especially useful if there have been negative interactions as well as if blaming is occurring. Symbolic interaction theory aids in the exploration of incest by looking at aspects, such as frequency of abuse, degree of self-blame, and family disruption, in relation to how the victim will manifest her self-concept (Morrow and Sorell 1989). Through this theory, how the individual who experienced the abuse views herself is viewed as a social product constructed and developed by the social interactions around that individual. Once again, family relates to this theory and explanation of factors surrounding incest and sexual abuse, but it also reaches beyond to include other important social interactions, such as friends, classmates, etc. Understanding the social constructs present in the victim’s life can create a better understanding of what needs to be dealt with and recognized for effective group therapy to occur. The feminist framework of incest and the victim is centralized around gender and oppression, and the roles that males and females play in society. As discussed earlier, Anderson (2006) speaks of the importance of changing the viewpoint of â€Å"surviving† abuse to overcoming and resisting the abuse through resiliency. This idea of becoming resilient by resisting oppression is focused in categories found to represent resiliency in the face of oppression: being powerless, being silenced, and being isolated. Not only do all three of these aspects describe how an incest victim feels, but Anderson (2006) also argues that they correlate with oppressive resiliency. Introducing this idea of not being an incest ‘survivor’, but being a resilient person with qualities to be proud of, seems much more empowering, and is a great representation of an example of how feminist theory can be applied to group work with victims of incest. Moving past sentiments of oppressed within one’s feelings as well as within society due to one’s gender can be helpful for the victim, especially within a group setting. People can often find strength in numbers, and if other members are making the same conclusions about their lives and their experiences, positive progression can occur. Kreidler and England (1990) make an important point: â€Å"Because incest isolates victims and encourages feelings of guilt, incrimination, and shame, group experiences allow survivors to build self esteem and develop relationships in a protected environment†. Through this, the group process fosters autonomy and a sense of control in its members. Group Model Group therapy for adult female victims of sibling abuse can be approached in many ways. Group facilitators must be able to assist their clients in making sense of their trauma and work through negative emotions, as well as to teach group members healthy and adaptive coping strategies (Wanlass et al. 2006). The basics of group work will be rooted in helping group members work through their experiences while processing their emotions. Through this, connections will often be made with other members based on the shared experience of brother–sister incest. Focus should not only be on the present, but the victim should be able to make connections to the abuse and how her life has been affected. Victims of sibling incest have lifelong problems in many areas including marriage, work, and parenting (Phillips-Green 2002). Once group members begin to make those connections, the possibility for positive change may increase. Northen and Kurland (2001) emphasize the importance of thorough and thoughtful planning to the success of group work (p. 109). In order to address the topics and concerns discussed throughout this paper, the intake process should be thorough in detail and always take into account the elements of the brother–sister incest, finding out if force was used, how long the incest occurred, etc. The facilitator in charge of creating the group should be involved in the intake of members, as well as choosing the time and place J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 535 where the group will meet. The length of the group sessions should be considered. Group therapy can be short term or long term, depending on the desired goals of the facilitator and the needs of group members. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) propose a short term group that is centered within re-educating victims about the dynamics of incest. Victims are often unaware of the widespread incidence of sibling incest experiences, and may feel much less alone in their feelings and issues as a result of the abuse. These authors note the sense of empowerment that women feel by telling their story to others who share similar experiences, as vocalizing the abuse sets it â€Å"free† and places it in the open, as well as helps the woman to continually break feelings of secrecy. There can be advantages and disadvantages to short-term and long-term group models. Short-term groups are more effective for creating connections between victims around a shared experience, but due to the severity and seriousness of sibling incest, the author proposes a long-term group specifically for women who have experienced brother– sister incest. Long-term groups offer more of an opportunity to address issues such as sexuality, sexual dysfunction, and other issues such as secrecy, isolation, and suicidal thoughts that victims often carry with them throughout their lives. This long-term group is a 12-week format, with meetings once per week at two hours per session. Depending on the size of the group and the characteristics of members, private individual sessions outside group meetings may also be arranged. Size can vary, but should be limited to 10 women. Northen and Kurland (2001) make the point that the smaller the group, the more demand on members to be fully involved in the group, and then there is more demand for intimacy of relationships (p. 136). Sparks and Goldberg (1994) mention the importance of realizing that many survivors will be suspicious of anyone in the counselor/professional role because they many have felt they experienced further violation and betrayal from any previous treatment. To begin to look at this, it may be helpful to ask women during intake if they have gone to any treatment previously, as well as how they felt about it. The facilitator should be aware of this prior to the first meeting. The facilitator also needs to make group members aware of the time commitment during the intake process, making sure they know that missing sessions is not encouraged. A possible therapy method that can be incorporated in group work is the use of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Sexual Abuse (CPT-SA). This treatment is an adaptation by Chard et al. 1997) of Cognitive Processing Therapy for rape victims and is intended to extend treatments for childhood sexual abuse by addressing sexual abuse responses and aspects of the abuse (Chard 2005). This 17week therapy method combines the use of individual and group therapy to maximize positive results by utilizing the benefits of group work as well as giving group members individual attention throughout the group process. Alt hough this method is not discussed at length in this paper, it may be useful to examine facets of CPT-SA for possible incorporation in group work with incest victims. The goals, strategies, and topics included in treatment will vary from therapist to therapist; and the goals and topics included in therapy typically reflect the therapists’ own assumptions of the impact of child sexual abuse (Beutler et al. 1994). This author suggests topics that should be addressed in the group are: emotions and feelings, sexuality, family history, effects of disclosure, power/feeling of powerlessness, secrecy, relationship with the offender, relationship with family members, current coping skills, and options for positive change for the future. These can be modified week to week. There really is no way to run a group in a step-bystep manner, as the group process is unique in itself as it takes shape and changes course all on its own. Topics can be presented to the group if there seems to be a lack of conversation or comfort with one another, but once the group members get to know one another topics and discussions will take shape and find their way into discussions even if there isn’t a definite â€Å"plan† for the group that day. For the use of an example, a basic proposed model for group may include: Week 1: Learning about each other What brings you here? Tell us about yourself. How do you feel about being here? Activities may be used to â€Å"break the ice†, writing exercises, etc. Week 2 3: The Family and Disclosure What is your relationship with your family like? Discuss dynamics of the family. What happened when you told about your abuse? Blaming may be discussed here. Week 4 5: Relationship with your brother Relationship changes, start and end of abuse, where the perpetrator is, how that makes you feel. Week 6 7: Depression, guilt, anger, sexual promiscuity. What are you dealing with now? How has the abuse effected you long term? How have you changed? Week 8 9: Coping strategies, positive outlets, self esteem, strength, resilience Week 10, 11, 12: Reflection and growth, closure and celebration The topics included in this example will likely blend and flow from week to week, and should not serve as a rigid foundation for group. Through these suggestions, the facilitator can help the abused woman feel that her sense of victimization is valid, she can help the victim remove 536 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 self blame, and identify change patterns of self-abuse and self-degradation to promote growth and a higher selfesteem (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). Given the unique relationship that siblings share, this relationship may become a backdrop to the group process, as well as the family relationships that connect within the sibling subgroup. It is likely that these relationships will go through an on-going assessment and re-definition as group members discover more about themselves in regard to their behaviors, feelings, and relationships with others. Although topics outlined in the example could be introduced to the group for discussion, most of these topics will likely come up due to the nature of the experience and the common aspects that are seen frequently in sibling abused women. The author suggests that the group should be allowed to take their session in the direction they want it to go. To exemplify the power of each group member’s story, it is proposed that letting the group decide what they would like to discuss proves most effective. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) state that the group becomes a forum for humor and creativity as members take advantage of the unique opportunity to express what can not be expressed until someone who can appreciate it is willing to hear it. This creativity of the members should not be underestimated, and every moment of that process should be an empowering reminder for the group members. Most of the literature argues that the group facilitator(s) should be female. The possibility for a co-facilitator should be considered, depending on the size of the group. If the group is small, only one facilitator is needed. The facilitator (s) should have some knowledge and/or experience in crisis and group work. Age should also be taken into consideration. Group members should be 18 years of age and older, as this group is restricted to adult female victims. Commonality and shared experience are extremely important to the success of this group process, and grouping members based on age range will be helpful for members to relate to each other on more levels than one. During the intake process, the facilitator should attempt to arrange the groups based on what they conclude to be the most effective combination of members based on what was discussed with members prior to the initial meeting. The option for diversity should not be ignored, but O’Hare and Taylor (1983) make the important point that the group composition should always be considered in relation to making sure one person in the group does not stand out; for example, one African American woman, one lesbian woman, etc. Once again, thoughtful design of the group cannot be ignored. Group closure may include a celebration of connections and alliances made within the group. The format of closure and celebration should largely be decided by group members. Conclusion Group work with victims of sibling incest can be complex and challenging. It is clear that many factors influence the victim’s life other than the actual abuse. Family dynamics and overall relationships at the time of the abuse and disclosure prove to be extremely important in determining the entire picture of the victim. Once the facilitator becomes more educated about the details of incest and what to expect from group members, she will be able to design the group in the most effective manner. With the help of shared experience and shared knowledge, group members will find connections with one another that will maximize their growth and value of the group therapy experience. References Alexander, P. C. , Anderson, C. L. (1994). An attachment approach to psychotherapy with the incest survivor. 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